B.A. Social Notes

Similarities between Buddhism and Jainism Dr. N.N. Ghosh has written," The points in which Buddhism and Jainism differ from Brahmanism or orthodox Hinduism are the points of resemblance between the former two ". Monier Williams has observed," Buddhism and Jainism were not related to each other as parents or child but rather children of common parents,born at different intervals,though at about the same period of time and marked by distinct characteristics,though possessed of a strong family of resemblance " . Common Rise- As Hinduism was becoming rigid day by day,people began to hate the bloody Yajnas and religions raised a voice against the shortcomings of Hinduism and gained ground. Thus,both  Jainism and  Bud dhism were Protestant religious movements. Principal of Ahimsa- Both religion had faith in the equality of all living beings. Hence they taught their followers not to kill anybody. Thus,the principle of ahimsa was followed by both the religion...

Distinction between Hinyanism & Mahayanism                During the reign of Kanishka when the fourth Buddhist council was held,and it divided into two sects Hinayana and Mahayana. Kanishka was the powerful Kushan ruler and a staunch devotee of Buddhism. The followers of the Hinayana and Mahayana, school of Buddhism believed in the old religion propounded by Lord Buddha and the devotees of the Mahayana school made certain changes of their own choice. This event is called the transformation of Buddhism. Their differences are following- 1-Idol Worship- The followers of the Hinayana used to regard the Buddha as a great man. They never worshipped him as a god. But the followers of the Mahayana used to worship Lord Buddha as a god. They constructed of Lord Buddha and started worshipping him as the Hindus worshiped their gods. 2-Faith in Place of Reason- Lord Buddha had preached his followers not to accept anything blindly.It is the sel...

                            Sensation There is so much information in the world outside the body and brain that information has to have a way to get into the brain where,it can be used to determine action and responses. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding stimulus energy in the world. Characteristics of Sensation 1-Quality- On the basis of quality sensation is of five types-vision,sound,taste,smell and touch sensation. It is entirely different from each other on the basis of quality. 2-Duration- It refers to the time period of sensation. The experience of various stimulus last till different time period. 3-Extensity- This characteristics refers to the extent of sensation. The more range the stimulus covers of the extent of of sensation. The more range the stimulus covers of the sensation the more is its range. 4-Clearness- It is seen that if concentration is laid on a stimulus it becomes...

                                     Illusion False perception is illusion. Eysenck (1972) et.al.says that,the difference from reality of subjective perception is illusion,or the wrong perception of a thing is illusion. Types of Illusion 1-Vertical Horizontal Illusion- Although the horizontal and vertical lines are equal in length still the vertical appears to be longer. 2-Zullner Illusion- Although all the four lines are parallel but they do not look parallel because of the curved lines on them. 3-Poggendroff Illusion- In this there are two parallel lines which are overlapped by two separate vertical lines. But they appear to be cut through a single continued vertical lines. 4-Ponzo Illusion- Two equal lines in an angle,the line near the angle appear to be larger where as the line away from the angle appears smaller. 5-Hering Illusion- Such types of illusion is illustrated bel...

                                        Attention Attention is the term used or given to the perceptual processes that select certain inputs for inclusion in our conscious experience or awareness at any time. So it is the process involving the act of listening and concentrating on a topic object or events for the attainment desires of end. Definition- According to Dumville, "Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one object other than another ". According to Ross ,"Attention is the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the mind ". Types of Attention 1- Voluntary 2- Involuntary 3- Naturalistic 4- Sustained 5- Divided 6- Selective 7- Alternating 1-Voluntary Attention- When the exercise will is called upon it became voluntary attention because it demands the conscious effort on our path it is least automatic and spontaneous like that of non-v...

                              Equality Equality means that all men are equal and all should be entitled to identity of treatment and income. "Men are born, and always continues,free and equal in respect of their rights ".We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal " .But in practical life no men are equal in physical constitutions,capacity and temperament. Professor Laski says , "Equality does not mean the identity of treatment or the sameness of reward. If a bricklayer gets the same reward as a mathematician or a scientist, the purpose of society will be defeated. Equality means first of all the absence of social privilege. In the second place it means that adequate opportunities are laid open to all." Equality is a levelling process- Professor Laski also defined, "It means that no man shall be placed in society that he can overreach his neighbors to the extent which constitutes...

                                        Liberty Meaning of Liberty- Liberty has been derived from the Latin word 'Liber' which means free from all shackles. Liber denotes the absence of all restraints . It means one can do whatever one likes,regardless of all conditions. Liberty is possible only in an ordered State,a state where the legal and political aspects of sovereignty coincide or nearly coincide. Definition of Liberty- 1- According to Seeley ,"Liberty is the opposite of over-government". 2- Mr. Burns defined "liberty to grow to one's natural height ,to develop one's abilities". 3- Gettel says, "Liberty is the positive power of doing and enjoying those things which are worthy of enjoyment and work ". 4- According to Mahatma Gandhi ,"Liberty does not mean the absence of restraints but it lies in development of liberty ". 5- Laski maintains ,"Without rights there ...