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B.A. Social Notes

I have shared the topics of History, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology, which is a critical subject of Banaras Hindu University. You will find Ancient and medieval and modern topics in this blog 2023.

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- August 29, 2017

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Ashrama System

- January 17, 2019

Ashrama The Sanskrit word "Ashrama" literally denotes a halting or resting place . The word also means 'stages', 'monastery', duties, etc. The word Ashrama comes from the Sanskrit room "Srama" which means "making an effort ".In this way, "Ashrama" literally means a step in the journey of life. According to Hindu ethics, the final aim of life is liberation or 'Moksha'. Every Asrama is a step in the long journey towards the realization of that aim. The four Ashramas- Brahmacharya (Stage of Studentship) Grihastha (Stage of Householder) Vanaprastha (Philosophic Recluse) Sanyasa (Stage of Renunciation or Wandering Mystic) ...

Purushartha

- January 22, 2019

Purusharthas Meaning- The concept of 'Purusharthas' is the fundamental principle of the Indian social ethics. The word 'Purusharthas' implies 'attainments' or 'life purposes'. According to this concept, the aim of every person is to attain four noble ends or Purusharthas. They are Dharma,Artha,Kama and Moksha. These Purusharthas govern the Hindu views of life. They are the guiding principles of life for the Hindus at all stages of their development. The entire Hindu social organization is built on the foundation of the Purusharthas. Four Purusharthas- 1- Dharma 2- Artha 3- Kama 4- Moksha 1-Dharma (The principal of Righteousness)- It is the supreme principle of life. It is the major end of human life. The word "Dharma" is derived from the Sanskrit root "Dhri" , meaning "to hold together, to sustain, to preserve " What does the dharma hold together? It holds together the whole universe...

Status and Role : Types of Status

- October 08, 2018

Types of Status- Linton 1936 has noted two types of status: 1- Ascribed Status- Status which are given to us at birth (age,sex,kinship,race,caste )are known as ascribed status. These are 'assigned' to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.Such ascribed characteristics cannot be changed by individual efforts.These are more or less determined by the cultural situation over which he has no control initially, For example,position or status of a boy or girl in a family is ascribed status in term both of sex and age.Likewise Negro and Harijan are ascribed status. Generally,ascribed statuses are determined on four bases- 1-Sex dichotomy (male-female) 2-Age difference (child,youth,adult) 3-Kinship (son,brother,sister) 4-Social factors (divorce,widow etc) In traditional societies most statuses are ascribed,with one's occupation and general social standing determined at birth. 2- Achieved Status- "Any social position...

Rise of Heterodox Sects

- September 22, 2020

Rise of Heterodox Sects Numerous religious sects arose in the middle Gangetic basin in the sixth century B.C. We here of as many as 62 religious sects in this period. Jainism and Buddhism were very important. Causes of Rise of Religious Movement In post -Vedic times, society was clearly divided into four varnas- Brahmanas, vaishyas, and shudras . Each varna was assigned well-defined functions, although it was emphasized that varna was based on birth and two higher varnas were given some priviledges. Naturally the varna-divided society seems to have generated tensions. The Kshatriyas, who acted as rulers, reacted against the domination of the priestly class called brahamanas , who claimed various priveges. It was one of the causes of the origin of new religions. Vardhamana Mahavira who founded Jainism, and Gautama Buddha, who founded Buddhism, belonged to the kshatriya clan, and both disputed ...

The Rashtrakutas Kingdom Was Founded by

- December 24, 2021

T he Rashtrakutas Kingdom Was Founded By Origin The term RASHTRAKUTAS denotes officers in charge of territorial divisions called Rashtra. In the Deccan charters of the 7th and 8th centuries, A.D . Rashtrakutas were exhorted not to disturb the peaceful enjoyment of the land grants. The Rashtrakutas originally belonged to Lattalura, the modern Latur of Maharashtra. They were of Kannada origin and Kannada was their mother tongue. Dantidurga: He began his career as a feudatory of the Chalukyas. He laid the foundations of Rashtrakutas. The victorious career of Dantidurga is known from the two records of this reign- the Samangad Plates and the Dasavatara Cave Inscription of Ellora. Dantidurga's plan of expression was directed towards the east and west without disturbing Karnataka. The stronghold of Chalukyas is powerful. He invited Malwa, which was under the rule of the Gurjara Pradesh. Thus, by A.D. 75, he had become the master of the whole of Madhya Pradesh and ce...

What is Political Science?

- January 26, 2019

Nature,Scope and Methods of Political Science Meaning of Political Science- The term Political Science is related to the word "Politics",which self is derived from the Greek word-"Polis" which means city-state. The origin of political thought in the west . The sophists particularly Protagoras and Georgias in Athens were the first to deal with this mode of thought and then expound a political theory. Later on Socrates ,Plato and Aristotle continued to conduct the scientific study of the various problems concerning the state and the government. Definition of Political Science- 1- Paul Janet says that "Political Science is the part of social science which treats of the foundations of the State and the principles of government. 2- According to Garris, "Political Science deals with the origin,development,purpose, a...

The Theory of Divine Origin

- September 28, 2019

Divine Theory a-Statement of the Theory According to this theory, the state is a divine institution of God has created it for the common welfare. This theory propagates that either God Himself rules over or sends his representatives or the deputy to rule over the people. The king is God's representative and therefore,he is responsible to God and not to the people.It is the supreme duty of the people that they should obey the commands of the king. To opposite the king is to oppose God.The king may be a tyrant, yet the people have got no right to go against the king. Disobedience to the king is the disobedience to God. King's opposition is God's opposition. It is not the people to ask the king to give the account of his deeds. God alone is entitled to ask the king to give the account of his good deeds or bad deeds. In this way the exponents of this theory regard the ...

Saka Rulers

- March 30, 2019

The Saka Rule and Indian Culture The Sakas ruled over this country for a period of about five hundred years. They adopted Indian way of life and customs. They learnt much from Indian culture and contributed likewise to the life and culture of this country.The Indian culture was sufficiently influenced by the culture and traditions of the Sakas in different aspects. Administration The administrative machinery of the Saka rulers was of a very high standard. It was an admixture of Indo-Greek systems of administration.The king was head of the administration.Many titles,such as, 'Adhiraja', 'Rajadhiraja', 'Devaputra', 'Chakravarti' and others were adopted by the Saka rulers. The prime minister was the head of this council. In addition,many other officials,such as, Mahamatra, Rajuka, Mahesenapati, Dandanayaka, Mahadandanayaka, Senagopa, Koshadhyaksha, Bhandarika, Rajalipikar etc. ,were also appointed in order to assist the king in the administrat...

Religious Condition of Later Vedic Period

- December 02, 2018

Religious Condition of Later Vedic Age Worship of New God and Goddess- During this period new gods like Vishnu,Shiva, Ganesha ,Parvati,Rama,Krishna etc.emerged and took the place of Indra,Varuna,Surya,Agni etc.of the vedic period. Nature worship had not become popular by then but Surya worship was still prevalent.Vishnu had taken the place of Varuna. Rigidity in the Religion- The religion of the Vedic period was quite simple. It has not developed any complexities. Even a layman could understand the vedic religion.But with the passage of time the simple religion of the Aryans was becoming complex day by day.Several new rituals were becoming part of the religion of the Aryans. Popularity of Yajnas- The Yajnas were becoming very popular during the Epic age.There are reference of several Yajnas in the Ramayana. Rama and Lakshman were sent to the forest to suppress the demons who used to disturb the Yajnas of Vishwamitra. The Doctrine of Karma- The theory of 'Karma' was ...

Sources of Ancient History: Foreign accounts

- October 01, 2018

FOREIGN SOURCES Foreign Sources,the Roman and the Greek writers have written much about India and her People.These sources may be classified into three groups:1-Classical Sources 2-Chinese Sources 3-Muslim Sources 1-Classical Sources- Herodotus,Skylex and Ctesias were the early writers who wrote about India.Among these ,Herodotus and Ctesias got there knowledge about India through Persian,while Skylex was a navigator who was sent to India by the emperor Darius.Herodotus has vividly described the political condition of the north-west of India in his famous book Histories. After these early Greek...

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