B.A. Social Notes

                            Fascism Causes of the rise of Fascism in Italy-Italy was on the side of England and France during the World War I (1914-18) . Therefore, she had to suffer a great loss at the hands of Germany and Austria. Under the Secret Treaty of London,England agreed to give Italy sufficient money and the large territories,but when England became victorious in the war,she completely ignored the claims of Italy. Italy faced a great loss in the First World War. Therefore,there was a great resentment among its people. Secondly, there was widespread discontentment in Italy because after the war,retrenchment took place in the army. Production was falling because the communist were instigating the workers to resort to strike in order to bring in communism. Thirdly, there was indiscipline in all walks of life in Italy. Fourthly, the democratic government,which was established in Italy after the First World War, could not solve any of her problems satisfactorily. In such a sit

Third Round Table Conference (17th November to 24th December,1932) Sir Samuel Hoare, the Secretory of State for India, was a perfect snob. He had deep-rooted contempt for Indians. The very idea of sitting along with Indian delegates for deliberations was revolting to him. His intentions was to invite only a few Indians to put there case before a committee of parliament which was to draw the future constitution of India. With much reluctaince,however he agreed to call the Third R.T.C. which met form 17th November to 24th December, 1932. Only 46 delegates were invited this time as against 88 on the first occasion. The choice of Indian delegates was limited only to those persons who were loyal to the govt. Congress participation in the conference was out of question. The Civil Disobedience Movement had been revived and the govt. was busy in putting it down with an iron hand. Even the Hindu Mahasabha was not represented at the conference. The British Labour Party also withdraw because

                  Mountbatten Plan (3rd June) Lord Mountbatten even before being sent to India had been briefed by the British Government to arrange for the transfer of power in as smooth and quick a way as possible.He set himself to this task by holding talks with the leaders of both-the congress and the league. He settled the details with the congress and lead leaders. He left for England to discuss finally with Home Government and returned on June 2, with certain definite proposals. Next day he published his Plan. The salient features of Mountbatten Plan were as follows- 1- Mountbatten's Plan set down the partition of India as a settled fact.It proposed the division of India into two dominions and the transference of power to take place on 15th August,1947 , instead of June, 1948,as declared earlier. 2- Contrary to League's demand for a Pakistan including the whole of Bengal and Assam in the East and the Punjab in the West, the plan exclude Assam completely and also

      The Saka Rule and Indian Culture The Sakas ruled over this country for a period of about five hundred years. They adopted Indian way of life and customs. They learnt much from Indian culture and contributed likewise to the life and culture of this country.The Indian culture was sufficiently influenced by the culture and traditions of the Sakas in different aspects. Administration The administrative machinery of the Saka rulers was of a very high standard. It was an admixture of Indo-Greek systems of administration.The king was head of the administration.Many titles,such as, 'Adhiraja', 'Rajadhiraja', 'Devaputra', 'Chakravarti' and others were adopted by the Saka rulers. The prime minister was the head of this council. In addition,many other officials,such as, Mahamatra, Rajuka, Mahesenapati, Dandanayaka, Mahadandanayaka, Senagopa, Koshadhyaksha, Bhandarika, Rajalipikar etc. ,were also appointed in order to assist the king in the administrat

       Greek Influence on Indian Culture The Greek invasion touched only the upper surface of Indian life and culture. Alexander was the first Greek who invaded India,but his invasion had no permanent effect upon Indian culture.As a consequence of Alexander's invasion,the coinage system underwent minute changes. The Gandhara art had its birth and some new avenues were opened for trade and commerce.This was the only effect of the invasion of Alexander on Indian culture. In fact,Alexander appeared like a conqueror and not as a propagator of culture and civilization.The second Greek invader was Seleucus ,who attacked India in about 306 B.C .This invasion,too,did not make any impact on Indian culture. In the middle of the third century B.C. two Greek dynasties-the Bactrian and the Parthian -were established in Greece.The rulers of these dynasties invaded India between 205 B.C . Demetrius,Menander and Eukratides were the main invaders who laid the foundation of Indo-Greek king

            The Bactrian Greek Rulers The territory situated across the Hindukush mountain was called Bactria , Balkh was the capital of the State of Bactria. Bactria was a prosperous state, and also known as an important centre of Greek civilisation. Balkh was the main centre of trade and commerce of middle Asia. In about 250 B.C. Diodotus, governor of Bactria, revolted against the rule of Antiochus I,grandson of Seleukus,and declared himself as an independent ruler of Bactria. But his military rule could not last long. The political discontent remained as before till 230 B.C. At last, Euthydemus,the inhabitants of Mongolia, ruined the dynasty which was Established by Diodotus. Euthydemus ascended the throne of Bactria. When he died in about 190B.C. He was succeeded by his able son Demetrius . He was great warrior and he adopted the policy of imperialism. The Invasion of Demetrius Demetrius was undoubtedly a powerful ruler of Bactria. He invaded India in about 184 B.C. The

                                Rights Meaning of Rights- State is known by the rights that it maintains ,says professor Laski. The State ought to guarantee to individual the enjoyment of a certain number of basic human rights which are essential for good life. Thus, the rights anyone may claim are partly those which are essential to every man in order to be a national human person, and partly those which are necessary for the fulfilment of the functions that society expects from him. They are conditioned by and correlative to his social responsibility ". Some important definitions are given below- 1-"Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best" .-Laski 2-According to Sri Niwas Shastri, "In its essence a right is an arrangement,rules, or practice sanctioned by the law of the community and conducive to the highest moral good of the citizens". 3-"Rights are one man's capacity of influen